A Ship
81. Sail, planks, mast,
hold-fast, helm,
clenching, seaming,
clinching and sheet-rope,
stay, stem, steerage ropes,
studdle and buntline,
pennant and black-strakes,
bench, stern and cable.
82. Bow-rails, shrouds,
reefing-rope and sheets,
spikes, mast-tree,
seam, poop-supports,
leek, mast-head,
line, ears,
vane, vane’s tail
and plug.
83. Mast-knob, halyard-hole
and tiller,
hull, bow, fifth plank
and hawse-stem,
buntlines, hawse, pulleys
and stays,
tholes, heel, hammer,
help-rope and leech-line.
84. Yard, sailyard ring, reef,
rib and thole-straps,
windlass, poop,
wand, rowlocks,
winch, tacking-boom,
bulwark, prow and poop brands,
transoms, bow-line,
bulkheads.
85. Prow, knee, boarding,
belt and bows,
keel-board, mast-wedge
and garboard,
bollards, carling,
clews and thwarts,
rigging, gunwhales,
cleats and deck-planks.
86. Guys, halyards,
siphon, oars,
sail-braces, clinch-plates,
bridge and pins,
sand-strake, keel-heel
and anchor,
anchor-buoy, bailer
and crow's nest.
The Earth
87. Earth, landscape, glebe,
marl and Hlöðyn,
humus, Sif, Fjörgyn,
ground, fundament and orb,
field, garden and Fife,
homeplace, country and coast,
land, soil, march,
locale and marsh.
88. Holt, ridge and fell,
mountainside and hill,
knoll, heath and combe,
hillock and slope,
crust, dale and wold,
vale and peninsula,
mold, underturf, hog's-back,
moor, hollow and sand.
89. Now I shall tell
the terms for oxen:
Árvak (early-waking), bellower
and Jörmunrekr,
neat, Freyr, Reginn,
smith, island-driller,
red and driven
and dark-sided,
fighter, gorer,
Vingnir, steerer.
90. Himinhrjóðr (heaven-reaver), cattle
and hard-farer,
Hæfir (hooved), stout one,
roarer, stot,
beeve, short-horn and color,
Hliðr (storm),22 draft-ox,
Arfr (inheritance), Jörmuni23
and mighty smith.
91. Spark, Apli (dapple),
gold-horn,
riches, young bullock, old bull
and Arfuni (heir),
bull, stormer, yeller,
noise and membered,
stud-bull, steer,
taurus, mud-given.
A Cow
92. A cow is called heifer,
she-calf and coquette24
and Auðhumbla,
she is the first of cows.
A Ram
93. Ram, exceeding-horned one,
horn-squealer,
Gumarr,25 glowing-horn
and payment-wretch,
teg, white-horn,
Hallinskíði,26
simple one, horn-wretch
and Heimdali,
bleater, middling,
he-sheep,27 marten28 and wether.
A Goat
94. A goat is called Grímnir29
and Geirölnir,
Tanngnjóstr,30 chopper
and Tanngrisnir,
billygoat and he-goat,
buck, Grímr31 [is] mentioned.
It's also called Heiðrún,
nanny-goat and kidling,
coalmouth
and kid are the same.
A Bear
95. Bear, bruin, mighty one,
she-bear, elk-opponent
blue-molar, icewolf
and broad-farer,
haltered, teddy,32
growler, leopard,33
rough, greedy, robber,
Jórekr, Mösni,
forest-traveler, cub,
snarler, Vetrliði (winter-survivor),
greedy-tooth, noisy-ass,34
hooded one, shriveled-gut.
A Hart
96. Hart, Dyraþrór,
Hliðr (storm), Eikþyrnir,
Duneyrr, Dáinn,
Dvalarr, moor-treader.
A Hog
97. Hog, slaughter-shiner,
suckling and Hrímnir,
swine-tarr, boar,
Sæhrímnir, barrow-hog,
pig,35 slaughter-bear,
ridge, dirt-treader,
thriver, warrior, piggy,
barrow, Vaningi.36
A Wolf
98. Varg, wolf, Geri,
watcher, grey-beast,
Hati,37 Hróðvitnir
and heathdweller,
Freki and forest-dweller,
Fenrir, leopard,38
Goth,39 worthy, noisemaker,
howler, fighter,
dusky and dreadful
and swarthy-cheeked.
99. And [she] is called thus:
she-wolf, she-varg,
barker and grey-girl,
... lightheadedness.
Heavens
100. Nine are there heavens
named on high.
I know the lowest,
that is Vindbláinn (wind-dark),
that is Heiðþyrnir (the welkin)
and Hregg-Mímir (storm-Mímir),
the second is called
Andlangr (extended) Heaven,
that you may understand,
the third Víðbláinn (wide-dark),
Víðfeðmi (wide-embracer) I say
to be the fourth,
Hrjóðr (coverer) and Hlýrni (twilighted)
I believe the sixth,
Gimir (fiery or jeweled), Vetmímir (winter-Mímir),
I guess now there are
eight heavens
recounted,
Skattyrnir (rich-wetter) stands
above the clouds,
it is outside
all the worlds.
The Sun
101. Sól and sun,
shine, fair disk,
lightning, cover, plaything,40
healing light, disk,41
lightning, doubt-disk
and light-bringer,
driving, elf-glory
and Dvalin’s plaything.
[22. Hliðr also occurs in verse 96 for a hart.
23. usually referenced as Jörmunr; also a name of Óðinn.
24. skirja means “cow” but also “romping lass”; frenja in compounds means “hoyden”; clearly a different way of looking at
cows from what we are used to.
25. Uncertain meaning - gumar = men.
26. Also a name of Heimdallr; see also Heimdali below.
27. blær also means “air” or “breeze” and appears among the terms for a sword.
28. Mörðr is generally held to be put here in error, since Iceland does not have martens.
29. “Hooded” or “Shadowed” – a name of Óðinn.
30. Tanngnjóstr and Tanngrisnir (Toothgnasher and Toothgrinder) are Thor’s goats.
31. “Cowled”- also a name of Óðinn.
32. Bossi looks to be a diminutive, so I have used the modern one.
33. Hlébarðr “used indiscriminately of a bear, wolf, etc.” Cleasby-Vigfusson. See also verses 57, 98.
34. Going by the two parts of the word in Cleasby-Vigfusson, this should be noisy-twat. Jálfaðr, father of din, i.e. battle, is a name of Óðinn.
35. Taking rái as ráði.
36. A name of Freyr - Vaning, Vanir-child.
37. The wolf that runs before the sun; the name means Shunner.
38. hlébarðr; see also verses 57 and 95.
39. Goti is listed in the Lexicon Poeticum as a term for a horse.
40. Or reading hrjóðrleika following Cleasby-Vigfusson: heavenly plaything. Hrjóðr appears in the preceding verse as one of the heavens.
41. Röðull can also be translated "glory," here and in the compounds in lines 5 and 7.]
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Viðauki I.
Nafnaþulur
Skip.
81. Segl, skör, sigla,
sviðvíss, stýri,
sýjur, saumför,
súð ok skautreip,
stag, stafn, stjórnvið,
stuðill ok sikulgjörð,
snotra ok sólborð,
sess, skutr ok strengr.
82. Söx, stæðingar,
svipting ok skaut,
spíkr, siglutré,
saumr, lekstólpar,
laukr, siglutoppr,
lína, eyru,
flaug, flaugarskegg
ok farnagli.
83. Húnn, húnbora
ok hjálmunvölr,
húfr, hlýr, hrefni
ok hálsstefni,
hefill, háls, hanki
ok höfuðbendur,
háir, hæll, hamarr,
hjálpreip ok lík.
84. Rá, rakki, rif,
rengr ok hömlur,
vindáss, vengi,
vöndr, langnefjur,
völt, beitiáss,
varta, brandar,
bitar, bóglína,
búlkastokkar.
85. Barð, kné, byggði,
belti ok kinnugr,
kjölborð, keili
ok kjölsýja,
kraftar, kerling<,
klær ok þóftur,
kjalreip, þrimir,
klofar ok þiljur.
86. Drengir, dragreip,
dæla, árar,
aktaumar, rær,
arinn ok nálar,
aurborð, kjalarhæll
ok akkeri,
hnakkmiði, austker
ok húnspænir.
Jörð.
87. Jörð, fjörn, rofa,
eskja ok hlöðyn,
gyma, sif, fjörgyn,
grund, hauðr ok rönd,
fold, vangr ok fíf,
frón, hjarl ok barmr,
land, bjöð, þruma,
láð ok merski.
88. Holt, háls ok fjöll,
hlíð ok leiti,
hóll, heiðr ok hvilft,
hváll ok brekka,
hró, dalr ok völlr,
hvammr ok tunga,
mold, flag, rimi,
mór, laut ok sandr.
Uxi.
89. Enn skal segja
öxna heiti:
árvakr, drjóni
ok jörmunrekr,
simi, freyr, reginn,
smiðr, eyþvari,
rauðr ok rekningr
ok rökkvihliðr,
viggi, bautuðr,
vingnir, stjóri.
90. Himinhrjóðr, simir
ok harðfari,
hæfir, digni,
hjölluðr, simull,
hliðr, stúfr ok litr,
hríðr, forsimi,
arfr, jörmuni
ok eikismiðr.
91. Gneisti, apli,
gollinhorni,
auðr, kvígr, öldungr
ok arfuni,
griðungr, ólgr, gellir,
glymr ok hreiði,
tíðungr, boli,
tarfr, aurgefinn.
Kýr.
92. Kýr heitir skirja,
kvíga ok frenja
ok auðhumbla,
hon er elzt kúa.
Hrútr.
93. Hrútr, ofrhyrningr,
hornumskváli,
gumarr, hornglóinn
ok gjaldhróinn,
hveðurr, hornglói,
hallinskíði,
berr, hornhróinn
ok heimdali,
bekri, miðjungr,
blær, mörðr ok veðr.
Hafr.
94. Hafr heitir grímnir
ok geirölnir,
tanngnjóstr, kjappi
ok tanngrisnir,
skimuðr ok brúsi,
bokkr, grímr taliðr.
Heitir ok heiðrún,
haðna ok kiðlingr,
er kolmúla
ok kið saman.
Björn.
95. Björn, bersi, bólmr,
bera, elgviðnir,
blájaxl, ísólfr
ok breiðvegi,
bestingr, bassi,
balti, hlébarðr,
úfr, frekr, vilnir,
jórekr, mösni,
fetvíðnir, húnn,
fress, vetrliði,
íugtanni, jálfuðr,
ifjungr, vilskarpr.
Hjörtr.
96. Hjörtr, dyraþrór,
hliðr, eikþyrnir,
duneyrr, dáinn,
dvalarr, mótroðnir.
Göltr.
97. Göltr, valglitnir,
gríss ok hrímnir,
svíntarr, runi,
sæhrímnir, börgr,
rái, valbassi,
röðr, dritroði,
þrór, vigrir, skunpr,
þrándr, vaningi.
Úlfr.
98. Vargr, úlfr, geri,
vitnir, grádýri,
hati, hróðvitnir
ok heiðingi,
freki ok viðnir,
fenrir, hlébarðr,
goti, gildr, glammi,
gylðir, ímarr,
ímr ok eggðir
ok skollkini.
99. Enn heitir svá:
ylgr, vargynja,
borkn ok íma,
... svimul.
Himnar.
100. Níu eru himnar
á hæð talðir.
Veit ek inn neðsta,
sá er vindbláinn,
sá er heiðþyrnir
ok hreggmímir,
annarr heitir
andlangr himinn,
þat máttu skilja,
þriði víðbláinn,
víðfeðmi kveð ek
vera inn fjórða,
hrjóðr ok hlýrni
hygg ek inn sétta,
gimir, vetmímir,
get ek nú vera
átta himna
upp of talða,
skattyrnir stendr
skýjum efri,
hann er útan
alla heima.
Sól.
101. Sól ok sunna,
sýn, fagrahvél,
leiftr, hrjóðr, leika,
líknskin, röðull,
leiftr, ifröðull
ok ljósfari,
drífandi, álfröðull
ok Dvalins leika.
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