It is correct to periphrase blood or carrion in terms of the beast which is called Strangler^*, by calling them his Meat and Drink; it is not correct to express them in terms of other beasts. The Strangler is also called Wolf.

As Thjódólfr sang:

Enough guesting to the Ravener
Was given, when the Son of Sigurdr
Came from the North, the Wolf
To lure from the wood to the wound.

Here he is called Ravener also.

Greedy One, as Egill sang:

The Greedy One gashed
Grisly wounds, when plashed
The red Point-Creek
On the raven's beak.

Witch-Beast, as Einarr sang:

The Götha, cold with venom,
With hot Wound-Gush was reddened;
The Witch-Beast's warm drink, mingled
With the water, in the sea poured.

She-Wolf, as Arnórr sang:

The She-Wolf's evil Kindred
Swallowed the corpse, harm-swollen,
When the green sea was turnèd
To red, with gore commingled.

Strangler, as Illugi sang:

There was happiness for the Strangler
When my lord pursued hosts full many;
With the sword the Necklet-Minisher
Pierced the swart Snake of the Forest.

Thus sang Hallr:

He sated the Heath-Beasts' Hunger:
The hoar howler in wounds gladdened;
The king reddened the Wild One's mouth-hairs,--
The Wolf went to drink of the wound.

And again, as Thórdr sang:

In blood Gjálp's Stud-Horse waded,
The dusty pack got fullness
Of the Greedy One's Wheat; the howler
Enjoyed the Ravener's Gore-Drink.

The bear is called Wide-Stepper, Cub, Winterling, Ourse, Gib-Cat, Tusker, Youngling, Roarer, Jölfudr,¹ Wilful-Sharp, She-Bear, Horse-Chaser,
Scratcher, Hungry One, Blómr,¹ Bustler. The hart is called Módrödnir,² [Dalarr, Dalr,]³ [Dáinn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr, Durathrór],⁴

72. Heiti for the horse

These are the names of horses enumerated in the Rhymes of Thorgrímr:⁵

Hrafn⁶ and Sleipnir,
The famous horses;
Valr⁷ and Léttfeti;
Tjaldari⁸ a was there too;
Gulltopr and Goti;⁹
I heard Sóti¹⁰ told of;
Mór¹¹ and Lungr¹² with Marr.¹³

Vigg¹⁴ and Stúfr¹⁵
Were with Skævadr;¹⁶
Blakkr¹⁷ could well bear Thegn;
Silfrtoppr and Sinir;¹⁸
I heard Fákr¹⁹ spoke of;
Gullfaxi and Jór²⁰ with the Gods were.

Blódughófi²¹ hight a horse
That they said beareth
The strength-eminent Atridi;
Gísl²² and Falhófnir;²³
Glær²⁴ and Skeidbrimir;²⁵
Mention, too, was made of Gyllir.²⁶

These also are recorded in Kálfsvísa:

Dagr rode Drösull,²⁷
And Dvalinn rode Módnir;²⁸
Hjálmthér, Háfeti;²⁹
Haki rode Fákr;
The Slayer of Beli
Rode Blódughófi,
And Skævadr was ridden
By the Ruler of Haddings.
Vésteinn rode Valr,
And Vifill rode Stúfr;
Meinthjófr rode Mór,
And Morginn on Vakr;³⁰
Áli rode Hrafn,
They who rode onto the ice:
But another, southward,
Under Adils,
A gray one, wandered,
Wounded with the spear.

Björn rode Blakkr,
And Bjárr rode Kertr;³¹
Atli rode Glaumr,³²
And Adils on Slöngvir;³³
Högni on Hölvir,³⁴
And Haraldr on Fölkvir;³⁵
Gunnarr rode Goti,³⁶
And Sigurdr, Grani.³⁷

Arvakr³⁸ and Alsvidr³⁹ draw the Sun, as is written before; Hrímfaxi⁴⁰ or Fjörsvartnir⁴¹ draw the Night; Skinfaxi⁴² and Gladr⁴³ are the Day's horses.

73. Oxen, serpents, sheep, swine

"These names of oxen are in Thorgrímr's Rhymes:

Of all oxen the names Have I accurately learned,-- Of these: Raudr⁴⁴ and Hœfir,⁴⁵ Rekinn⁴⁶ and Hýrr,⁴⁷ Himinhrjódr⁴⁸ and Apli,⁴⁹ Arfr⁵⁰ and Arfuni.⁵¹

These are names of serpents: Dragon, Fáfnir, Mighty Monster, Adder, Nídhöggr, Lindworm, She-Adder, [Góinn, Móinn, Grafvitnir, Grábakr, Ófnir, Sváfnir,]⁵² Hooded One.

Neat-Cattle: Cow, calf, oxen, heifer, yearling, steer, bull.

Sheep: Ram, buck, ewe, lamb, wether.

Swine: Sow, she-pig, boar, hog, suckling.

74. Heiti of the air and the winds

What are the names of the air and of the winds? Air is called Yawning Void and Middle World, Bird-Abode, Wind-Abode. Wind is called Storm, Breeze, Gale, Tempest, Gust, Blowing. Thus does one read in Alsvinnsmál:

Wind 't is called among menfolk,
And Waverer with the gods,--
Neigher the great powers name it;
Shrieker the giants,
And Shouter elves call it;
In Hel Clamorer 't is called.

The Wind is also called Blast.

75. Heiti of the raven and the eagle

Two are those birds which there is no need to periphrase otherwise than by calling blood and corpses their Drink and Meat: these are the raven and the eagle. All other male birds may be periphrased in metaphors of blood

or corpses; and then their names are terms of the eagle or the raven. As Thjódólfr sang:

The Prince with Eagle's Barley
Doth feed the bloody moor-fowl:
The Hörd-King bears the sickle
Of Odin to the gory Swan's crop;
The Sater of the Vulture
Of the Eagle's Sea of corpses
Stakes each shoal to the southward
Which he wards, with the spear-point.

These are names of the raven: Crow, [Huginn, Muninn,]⁵³ Bold of Mood, Yearly Flier, Year-Teller, Flesh-Boder.

Thus sang Einarr Tinkling-Scale:

With flesh the Host-Convoker
Filled the feathered ravens:
The raven, when spears were screaming,
With the she-wolf's prey was sated.

Thus sang Einarr Skúlason:

He who gluts the Gull of Hatred,
Our precious lord, could govern
The sword; the hurtful raven
Of Huginn's corpse-load eateth.

And as he sang further:

But the King's heart swelleth,
His spirit flushed with battle,
Where heroes shrink; dark Muninn
Drinks blood from out the wounds.

As Víga-Glúmr sang:

When stood the shielded Maidens
Of the gory sword, strife-eager,
On the isle; the Bold of Mood then
Received the meat of wound-blood.

As Skúli Thorsteinsson sang:

Not the hindmost in the hundred
Might Hlökk of horns have seen me,
Where to the Yearly Flier
I fed the wounds full grievous.

The erne is called Eagle, Old One, Storm-Shearer, Inciter, Soarer, Wound-Shearer, Cock. As Einarr sang:

With blood the lips he reddened
Of the black steed of Járnsaxa;
With steel Erne's meat was furnished:
The Eagle slit the Wolf's Bait.

As Ottarr sang:

The Erne swills corpse-drink,
The She-wolf is sated,
The Eagle there feedeth,
Oft the wolf his fangs reddens.

As Thjódólfr sang:

The Spoiler of the Lady
Swiftly flew with tumult
To meet the high God-Rulers,
Long hence, in Old One's plumage.⁵⁴

And as stands here:

With skill will I rehearse
Of the Storm-Shearer my verse.

And again as Skúli sang:

Early and late with sobbing
I wake, where well is sated
The hawk of the Cock's blood-ocean:
Then the bard heareth good tidings.

76. Heiti of the sea

What are the names of the Sea? It is called Ocean, Main, Wintry, Lee, Deep, Way, Weir, Salt, Lake, Furtherer. As Arnórr sang, and as we have written above:

Let men hear how the Earls' King,
Hardy of mind, the Sea sought;
The overwhelming Ruler
Failed not to resist the Main.⁵⁵

Here it is named Sea, and Main also.

"Ocean, as Hornklofi sang:

When the man-scathing Meeter
Of the Mansion of the Rock-Reefs
Thrust the Forecastle-Adder
And the skiff out on the Ocean.

In the following verse it is called Lake as well: thus sang Einarr:

The Lake doth bathe the vessel,
Where the sea 'gainst each side beateth,
And the bright wind-vanes rattle;
The surf washes the Flood-Steeds.

Here it is called Flood also. Thus sang Refr, as was said before:

Wintry One's⁵⁶ wet-cold Spae-Wife
Wiles the Bear of Twisted Cables
Oft into Ægir's wide jaws,
Where the angry billow breaketh.⁵⁷

Deep, as Hallvardr sang:

The Sword-Shaker bids be pointed
The prow of the hardy ship-steed
Westward in the girdle
Of all lands, the Watery Deep.

Way, as here:

On our course from land we glided;
On the Way to the coast of Finland:
I see from the Ship's Road, eastward,
The fells with radiance gleaming.

Weir, as Egill sang:

I sailed o'er the Weir
To the West: I bear
Odin's Heart-Sea.
So it stands with me.

Ocean, as Einarr sang:

Many a day the cold Ocean
Washes the swarthy deck-planks
'Neath the gracious Prince; and Snow-Storm
Furrows Mona's Girdle.

Salt, as Arnórr sang:

The hardy King the Salt plowed
From the east with hull ice-laden:
Brown tempests tossed the Lessener
Of Surf-Gold toward Sigtún.

Furtherer, as Bölverkr sang:

Thou didst summon from fair Norway
A levy the next season,
With Din-Surf's ships the Furtherer
Didst shear; o'er decks the sea poured.
Here the sea is called Din-Surf also.

Wide One, as Refr sang:

To its breast the Stay's steed taketh
The Home of Planks, beak-furrowed,
And tosses the Wide One over
The hard side; the wood suffers.

Dusky One, as Njáll of the Burning sang:

We sixteen pumped, my Lady,
In four oar-rooms, but the surge waxed:
The Dusky One beat over
The hull of the driven sea-ship.

These are other names for the Sea, such as it is proper to use in periphrasing ships or gold.

"Rán, it is said, was Ægir's wife, even as is written here:

To the sky shot up the Deep's Gledes,
With fearful might the sea surged:
Methinks our stems the clouds cut,--
Rán's Road to the moon soared upward.

The daughters of Ægir and Rán are nine, and their names are recorded before: Himinglæva,⁵⁸ Dúfa,⁵⁹ Blódughadda,⁶⁰ Hefring,⁶¹ Udr,⁶² Hrönn,⁶³ Bylgja,⁶⁴ Dröfn,⁶⁵ Kólga.⁶⁶ Einarr Skúlason recorded the names of six of them in this stanza, beginning:

Himinglæva sternly stirreth,
And fiercely, the sea's wailing.

Welling Wave,⁶⁷ as Valgardr sang:

Foam rested in the Sea's bed:
Swollen with wind, the deep played,
And the Welling Waves were washing
The awful heads of the war-ships.

Billow, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:

Ye shear with shaven rudder Billows moisty-deep; the broad sheet, Which girls spun, on the mast-head With the Roller's Reindeer sported.

Foam-Fleck, as Ormr sang:

The hawk-like, heedful Lady
Has every virtue: Lofn
Of the Foam-Fleck's flame-gold, faithful
As a friend, all faults renounceth.

Wave-Borne, as Thorleikr the Fair sang:

The sea walls, and the Wave-Borne
Bears bright froth o'er the red wood,
Where gapes the Roller's Brown Ox,
With mouth gold-ornamented.

Shoal, as Einarr sang:

Nor met the Forward-Minded,
Where the fierce sea on our friends falls;
I think the Shoal becalmed not
The Ship, Wood of the Waters.

Fullness, as Refr sang:

Downward the Fells of Fullness
Fall on the Bear of Tackle:
Now forward Winterling, stirreth,
The ship, on Glammi's sea-path.

Comber,⁶⁸ as here:

The Comber fell headlong o'er me;
The Main called me home unto it:
I accepted not the Sea's bidding.

Breaker, as Óttarr sang:

In burst the ship-sides thin;
Rushed the Breaker downward; flushed
Stood the wind, bane of the wood;
Men endured wild tempest then.

Wave, as Bragi sang:

The Giver of the Wave's Coals,
Who cut Thor's slender tackle,
The Line of the Land of Sea-Mews,
Loved not to fight the wroth sea.

Sound, as Einarr sang:

I sheared the Sound
From Hrund south-bound;
My hand was gold-wound
When the Giver I found.

Fjord, as Einarr sang:

Next I see a serpent
Carved well on the splendid ale-horn:
Let the Fjord-Fire's Dispenser
Learn how for that I pay him.

Wetness, as Markús sang:

I'll not lampoon the Chatterer,
Lord of the fearful sword-blade,
Who squanders the Sun of Wetness:
Ill is he who spoileth verses.

77. Heiti of fire

What are the names of fire? Even as is written here:

Not seldom does the fire blaze
Which Magnús sets: the stalwart
Ruler burns habitations:
Houses blow reek before him.

Glow, as Valgardr sang:

Fierce Glow, with red-hot embers,
Swiftly from the soot flared,
Straight o'er the tottering dwellings
Stood up the dense smoke-columns.

Bale, as here:

Haki was burned on Bale,
Where the sea's broad wake weltered.

Gledes, as Grani sang:

I think the Gledes diminished . . .
Glammi's tracks; thus the king kindled.

Embers, as Atli sang:

With blood the axe is reddened,
Embers wax, burn many houses,
Halls stand aglow; now rages
The Gem; good men are falling.

Here fire is called Gem also.

Vapor, as here:

Half-built, by the Nid's side
Burn the All-Ruler's dwellings;
I think fire razed the hall's pride:
Vapor shot rime on the people.

Hot Ashes, as Arnórr sang:

The Isle-Danes' wrathful Harmer
With the Raumar spared not hard counsel:
Hot Ashes made them calmer;
The Heinir's threatening words hushed.

Flames, as Einarr sang:

Flame soon was alight,
And swiftly took flight
All Hísing's host:
The fight they lost.

Flare, as Valgardr sang:

The sturdy king's bright Flare soared
Above the castle's bulwark;
The vikings burst in grimly:
Grief on the maid descended.

Lowe, as Haldórr sang:

There did ye share their jewels,
While o'er the host the Shield's Lowe,
The sword, shrieked fiercely: never
Wert thou spoiled of conquest.

78. Heiti of times

These are time-names: Cycle, Days of Yore, Generation, Lang-Syne, Year, Season, Winter, Summer, Spring, Autumn, Month, Week, Day, Night, Morning, Eve, Twilight, Early, Soon, Late, Betimes, Day before Yesterday, Yester Eve, Yesterday, To-morrow, Hour, Moment. These are more names of Night in Alsvinnsmál:

Night 't is called among men,
And among the gods, Mist-Time;
Hooded Hour the Holy Powers know it;
Sorrowless the giants,
And elves name it Sleep-joy;
The dwarves call it Dream-Weaver.

["It is autumn from the equinox till the time when the sun sets three hours and a half after noon; then winter endures till the equinox; then it is spring till the moving-days;⁶⁹ then summer till the equinox. The month next before winter is called Harvest-Month; the first in winter is the Month of Cattle-Slaughter; then Freezing Month, then Rain-Month, then the Month of Winter's Wane, then Gói;⁷⁰ then Single Month, then Cuckoo-Month and Seed-Time, then Egg-time and Lamb-Weaning-Time; then come Sun-Month and Pasture Month, then Haying-Season; then Reaping Month.]⁷¹

79. Heiti of kings

"What are the simple terms for men? Each, in himself, is Man; the first and highest name by which man is called is Emperor; next to that, King; the next thereto, Earl: these three men possess in common all the following titles: All-Ruler, as this song showeth:

I know all All-Rulers
East and south, o'er the Ships' seat
Sveinn's son in proof is better
Than any other War-Prince.

Here he is called War-Prince also; for this reason he is called All-Ruler, that he is sole Ruler of all his realm.

Host-Arrayer, as Gizurr sang:

The Host-Arrayer feedeth
The wolf and the raven in folk-mote;
Óláfr gladdens, in Skögul's sharp showers
Of battle, the geese of Odin.

"A King is called Host-Arrayer because he divides his war-host into companies.

Leader, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:

The Leader taketh
Odin's loved Wife,
The lordless land;
His a warrior's life.

Lord or Lording, as Arnórr sang:

The Lord of Hjaltland, highest
Of heroes, gained the victory
In every thunderous sword-clash:
The bard will extol his glory.

An earl is called Host-Duke, and a king also is so termed, forasmuch as he leads his host to battle. Thus sang Thjódólfr:

He who put to shame the Host-Duke
Thrust out the eyes of prisoners,--
He who speeds the sacrifices;
In song I chant his praises.

Signor, or Señor, as Sigvatr sang:

O Norway's gracious Signor,
Grant the wretched, as the happy,
May now enjoy thy wise laws;
Give greatly, hold thy word!

Munificent One, as Markús sang:

The Munificent Prince brought fire's destruction
O'er the base people; to the pirates
Death was fated: Thief-Compeller,
South at Jóm highest flame-glow kindle!

Illustrious One, as Hallvardr sang:

No Illustrious One nearer
Under Earth's Hazel liveth
Than thou, O Monks' Upholder:
The Gold-Minisher Danes protecteth.

Land-Driver, as Thjódólfr sang:

The guileless Land-Driver sprinkles
Kraki's gleaming barley,
as was written before;⁷²
he is called so because he drives his host
about the lands of other kings,
or drives a host out of his own land.

80. Of Halfdan the Old and the royal line

There was a king named Hálfdan the Old, who was most famous of all kings. He made a great sacrificial feast at mid-winter, and sacrificed to this end, that he might live three hundred years in his kingdom; but he received these answers: he should not live more than the full life of a man, but for three hundred years there should be no woman and no man in his line who was not of great repute. He was a great warrior, and went on forays far and wide in the Eastern Regions:⁷³ there he slew in single combat the king who was called Sigtryggr. Then he took in marriage that woman named Alvig the Wise, daughter of King Eymundr of Hólmgardr:⁷⁴ they had eighteen sons, nine born at one birth. These were their names: the first, Thengill,⁷⁵ who was called Manna-Thengill;⁷⁵ the second, [Ræsir; the third, Gramr; the fourth, Gylfi; the fifth, Hilmir; the sixth, Jöfurr; the seventh, Tyggi; the eighth, Skyli or Skúli; the ninth, Harri or Herra.]⁷⁶ These nine brothers became so famous in foraying that, in all records since, their names are used as titles of rank, even as the name of King or that of Earl. They had no children, and all fell in battle. Thus sang Ottarr the Swarthy:

In his youth stalwart Thengill
Was swift and staunch in battle:
I pray his line endureth;
O'er all men I esteem him.

Thus sang Markus:

The Ræsir let the Rhine's Sun shimmer
From the reddened Skull's ship on the Sea-Fells.

Thus sang Egill:

The Gramr the hood hath lifted
From the hair-fenced brows of the Singer.

Thus sang Eyvindr:

He played with the land-folk
Who should have defended;

Gylfi the gladsome
Stood 'neath the gold helmet.

Thus sang Glúmr Geirason:

Hilmir beneath the helmet
Reddened the sword hone-hollowed.⁷⁷

Thus sang Óttarr the Swarthy:

Let Jöfurr hear the beginning
Of his laud: all the king's praises
Shall be maintained, and justly
Let him mark my praise-song's measures.

As Stúfr sang:

The glory-ardent Tyggi
South before Niz with two hands
Beat down the band of heroes:
Glad beneath their shields the host went.

Thus sang Hallfredr:

From Skyli I am parted:
This age of swords hath caused it.
'T is greatest of all self-mockings
To hope that the king's guard cometh.

Thus sang Markús:

I bid the hawklike Danish Harri
Hark to my cunning web of praises.

"Hálfdan and his wife had nine other sons also; these were Hildir, from whom the Hildings are come; Nefir, from whom the Niflungs sprang; Audi, from whom the Ödlungs are come; Yngvi, from whom the Ynglings are descended; Dagr, from whom come the Döglings; Bragi, from whom the Bragnings are sprung (that is the race of Hálfdan the Munificent); Budli, from whom the Budlungs are come (from the house of the Budlungs Atli and Brynhildr descended); the eighth was Lofdi, who was a great war-king (that host who were called Lofdar followed him; his kindred are called Lofdungs, whence sprang Eylimi, Sigurdr Fáfnisbani's mother's sire); the ninth, Sigarr, whence come the Siklings: that is the house of Siggeirr, who was son-in-law of Völsungr,--and the house of Sigarr, who hanged Hagbardr. From the race of Hildings sprang Haraldr the Red-Bearded, mother's father of Hálfdan the Swarthy. Of the Niflung's house was Gjúki; of the house of Ödlings, Kjárr; of the house of the Ylfings was Eiríkr the Wise in Speech. These also are illustrious royal houses: from Yngvi, the Ynglings are descended; from Skjöldr in Denmark, the Skjöldungs are come; from Völsungr in the land of Franks, those who are called Völsungs. One war-king was named Skelfir; and his house is called the House of Skilfings: his kindred is in the Eastern Region.

"These houses which were named but now have been used in skaldship for titles of rank. Even as Einarr sang:

I learned that the Hildings sallied
To hold the Spear-Assembly
On the Gray Isle; the broad shields,
Green lindens, burst in sunder.

As Grant sang:

The Dögling to eagle's kindred
For drink gave Danish blood.

As Gamli Gnævadar-Skald sang:

Not long since, the young Ödling
With ship's deck and with sword-blade
Joined battle, waging fiercely
Of points the bitter tempest.

As Jórunn sang:

The Bragning bade the weapons
Be dyed in blood of vile folk;
The people endured his anger:
Houses bowed before red embers.

Thus sang Einarr:

The Budlung's blade sheared,
Blood on darts was smeared;
The storm-cloud of Hildr
At Whitby spilled.

Thus sang Arnorr:

The Kin of Siklings inureth
To the waves the ships sea-tossing;
With blood he dyes the warships
Within: 't is the weal of ravens.

As Thjódólfr sang:

Thus the doughty Sikling ended
His life; in dire straits were we:
The glorious Lofdung waited
Bravely surcease of living.

The folk who were called Lofdar followed King Lofdi.

As Arnórr sang:

Chief, another Skjöldung higher
Than thou shall ne'er be born 'neath sun's light.

Völsung, as Thorkell Hamar-Skald sang:

The Kin of Völsungs
Gave counsel to send me
The gold-decked weapon
O'er the cool waters.

Yngling, as Ottarr the Swarthy sang:

In the East no mighty Yngling
To earth fell, ere o'ertook thee
He who subjected to him
The Sea-isles from the westward.

Yngvi: that too is a king's title, as Markús sang:

The age shall hear the praise of Eiríkr:
None in the world a prince hath known of
Lordlier; thou holdest, Yngvi,
The Seat of Kings with long-kept glory.

Skilfing, as Valgardr sang:

The Skilfing kept a great host
Southward in the broad lands,
Where the swift ships shivered:
Sicily soon was desolated.

Signor, as Sigvatr sang:

O Norway's gracious Signor,
Let the poor enjoy; give greatly.⁷⁸

[* Vargr; cf. A-S wearg, Ger. -würgen

1. Meaning?

2. Angry-minded?

3. Meaning?

4. These are the names of the harts that feed on the leaves of the Ash Yggdrasill. See Gylfag., ch. xvi.

5. For meanings not given in footnotes, see Gylfag., ch. xv, and Skálds., ch. xvii.

6. Raven.

7. Hawk.

8. Racer? (Cl.-Vig, p. 635).

9. ?

10. Soot-Colored.

11. Dark-Gray.

12. ?

13. a Steed.

14. Carrier.

15. Stump.

16. Hoof-Tosser.

17. Black.

18. Sinewy.

19. Jade.

20. Horse, Steed.

21. Bloody-Hoof.

22. Hostage.

23. Hollow-Hoof.

24. Shining.

25. Swift-Runner.

26. Golden.

27. Roamer.

28. Spirited.

29. High-Heels.

30. Watchful, Nimble, Ambling, or perhaps Hawk.

31. Related to Kerti = a candle?

32. Tumult.

33. Slinger.

34. Horse; etymology?

35. ?

36. Goth.

37. Shining-Lip? (Jónsson).

38. Early-Wake.

39. All-Swift.

40. Frosty-Mane.

41. Swart-Life.

42. Shining-Mane.

43. Bright, or Glad.

44. Red.

45. Meet.

46. Driven.

47. Gentle.

48. Heaven-Bellowing, or perhaps Heaven-Destroyer.

49. Calf.

50. Bull; properly = cattle, pecus, fee; hence, inheritance.

51. Heir; cf. with 3.

52. For these names and their meanings, see Gylfag., ch. xvi.

53. For the meaning of these names (which are those of Odin's Ravens), see Gylfag., ch. xxxviii.

54. See Stanza 30 Kennings for Iðunn.

55. See Stanza 66 Kennings for kings and chieftains.

56. Gymir. See Gering, Die Edda, p. 53, note 2.

57. See Stanza 33 Kennings for the sea.

58. That through which one can see the heaven (Jónsson).

59. The Pitching One (Jónsson).

60. Bloody-Hair.

61. Riser.

62. Frothing Wave.

63. Welling Wave.

64. Billow.

65. Foam-Fleck.

66. Poetical term for Wave. "The Cool One" (Jónsson).

67. In the following stanzas, for the sake of consistency, I have been obliged to translate the names, since they are employed in the stanzas as common nouns, {footnote p. 220} rather than as proper names. It is beyond my ability to translate Himinglæva briefly.

68. So Cl.-Vig. Literally, the word means ominous, foreboder.

69. In May.

70. I cannot find the meaning of this word.

71. "This passage, which U lacks, is clearly a later addition." Jónsson, Copenhagen ed. (1900), p. 138, footnote.

72. See Stanza 54 Of Hrólfr Kraki and King Aðils.

73. That is, in the lands bordering the Baltic.

74. Russia.

75. This word means Prince or King; Manna-Thengill = Prince of Men.

76. All of these words are poetic names for a Prince or King.

77. See Stanza 66 Kennings for kings and chieftains.

78. Stanza 75 Heiti of the raven and the eagle.]

Vargr heitir dýr. Þat er rétt at kenna við blóð eða hræ, svá at kalla verð hans eða drykk. Eigi er rétt at kenna svá við fleiri dýr. Vargr heitir ok úlfr, sem Þjóðólfr kvað:

252. Gera var gisting byrjuð
gnóg, en ulf ór skógi
sonr á sár at spenja
Sigorðar kom norðan.

Hér er hann ok geri kallaðr. Freki, sem Egill kvað:

253. Þá er oddbreki,
sleit und freki,
gnúði hrafni
á höfuðstafni.

Vitnir, sem Einarr kvað:

254. Elfr varð unda gjalfri
eitrköld roðin heitu.
Vitnis fell með vatni
varmt ölðr í men Karmtar.

Ylgr, sem Arnórr kvað:

255. Svalg áttbogi ylgjar
ógóðr, en varð blóði
græðir grænn at rauðum,
grandauknum ná, blandinn.

Vargr, sem Illugi kvað:

256. Vargs var munr þat, er margan,
menskerðir stakk sverði
myrkaurriða markar,
minn dróttinn rak flótta.

Þetta er enn vargs heiti, sem Hallr kvað:

257. Heiðingja sleit hungri,
hárr gylðir naut sára,
granar rauð gramr á fenri,
gekk ulfr í ben drekka.

Ok enn sem Þórðr kvað:

258. Óð, en ærnu náði
íms sveit freka hveiti,
gera ölðra naut gylðir,
Gjalpar stóð í blóði.

Björn heitir fetvíðnir, húnn, vetrliði, bersi,
fress, íugtanni, ifjungr, glúmr, jölfuðr, vilskarpr,
bera, jórekr, riti, frekr, blómr, ysjungr.
Hjörtr heitir mótroðnir, dalarr, dalr, Dáinn,
Dvalinn, Duneyrr, Duraþrór.

72. Hestaheiti.

Þessi eru hesta heiti talið í Þorgrímsþulu:

259. Hrafn ok Sleipnir,
hestar ágætir,
Valr ok Léttfeti,
var þar Tjaldari,
Gulltoppr ok Goti,
getit heyrðak Sóta,
Mór ok Lungr með Mari.

260. Vigg ok Stúfr
var með Skævaði.
Þegn knátti Blakkr bera,
Silfrtoppr ok Sinir,
svá heyrðak Fáks of getit,
Gullfaxi ok Jór með goðum.

261. Blóðughófi hét hestr,
er bera kváðu
öflgan Atriða,
Gísl ok Falhófnir,
Glær ok Skeiðbrimir,
þar var ok Gyllis getit.

Þessir eru enn talðir í Kálfsvísu:

262. Dagr reið Drösli,
en Dvalinn Móðni,
Hjalmr Háfeta,
en Haki Fáki,
reið bani Belja
Blóðughófa,
en Skævaði
skati Haddingja.

263. Vésteinn Vali,
en Vífill Stúfi,
Meinþjófr Mói,
en Morginn Vakri,
Áli Hrafni,
er til íss riðu,
en annarr austr
und Aðilsi
grár hvarfaði,
geiri undaðr.

264. Björn reið Blakki,
en Bjárr Kerti,
Atli Glaumi,
en Aðils Slöngvi,
Högni Hölkvi,
en Haraldr Fölkvi,
Gunnarr Gota,
en Grana Sigurð.

Árvakr ok Alsviðr draga sólina, sem fyrr er ritat. Hrímfaxi eða Fjörsvartnir draga nóttina. Skinfaxi eða Glaðr fylgja deginum.

73. Öxn, ormar, sauðir, svín.

Þessi öxnaheiti eru í Þorgrímsþulu:

265. Gamalla öxna nöfn
hefi ek görla fregit
þeira Rauðs ok Hæfis,
Rekinn ok Hýrr,
Himinhrjóðr ok Apli,
Arfr ok Arfuni.

Þessi eru orma heiti: dreki, Fáfnir,
Jörmungandr, naðr, Níðhöggr, linnr,
naðra, Góinn, Móinn, Grafvitnir,
Grábakr, Ófnir, Sváfnir, grímr.
Naut: kýr, kálfr, yxni, kvíga,
vetrungr, griðungr, boli.

Sauðr: hrútr, bekri, ær, lamb, veðr.
Svín: sýr, gylta, runi, göltr, gríss.

74. Heiti lofts ok veðra.

Hver eru heiti lofts ok veðranna? Loft heitir ginnungagap ok meðalheimr, foglheimr, veðrheimr. Veðr heitir hregg, byrr, glygg, hret, gjósta, vindr. Svá segir í Alsvinnsmálum:

266. Vindr heitir með mönnum,
en vönsuðr með goðum,
kalla gneggjuð ginnregin,
æpi jötnar,
en alfar gnýfara,
heitir í helju hlömmuðr.
Veðr heitir ok gustr.

75. Hrafnsheiti ok arnar.

Tveir eru fuglar þeir, er eigi þarf at kenna annan veg en kalla blóð eða hræ drykk þeira eða verð. Þat er hrafn ok örn. Alla aðra fugla karlkennda má kenna við blóð eða hræ, ok er þat þá nafn örn eða hrafn, sem Þjóðólfr kvað:

267. Blóðorra lætr barri
bragningr ara fagna.
Gauts berr sigð á sveita
svans örð konungr Hörða.
Geirs oddum lætr greddir
grunn hvert stika sunnar
hirð, þat er hann skal varða,
hrægamms ara sævar.

Þessi eru nöfn hrafns: krákr, Huginn, Muninn, borginmóði, árflognir, ártali, holdboði. Svá kvað Einarr skálaglamm:

268. Fjallvönðum gaf fylli,
fullr varð, en spjör gullu,
herstefnandi hröfnum,
hrafn á ylgjar tafni.

Svá kvað Einarr Skúlason:

269. Dolgskára kná dýrum
dýrr magnandi stýra,
Hugins fermu bregðr harmi
harmr, bliksólar garmi.

Ok enn sem hann kvað:

270. En við hjaldr, þar er hölðar,
hugþrútit svellr, lúta,
Muninn drekkr blóð ór benjum
blásvartr, konungs hjarta.

Sem kvað Víga-Glúmr:

271. Þá er dynfúsir dísar
dreyra mens á eyri,
bráð fekk borginmóði
blóðs, skjaldaðir stóðum.

Sem Skúli kvað Þorsteinsson:

272. Myndit efst, þar er undir
árflogni gaf ek sárar,
Hlökk í hundraðs flokki
Hvítinga mik líta.

Örn heitir svá: ari, gemlir, hreggskornir, eggðir, ginnarr, undskornir, gallópnir. Sem Einarr kvað:

273. Sámleitum rauð sveita,
sleit örn gera beitu,
fekksk arnar matr járnum,
Járnsöxu grön faxa.

Sem Óttarr kvað:

274. Örn drekkr, undarn
ylgr fær, af hræum sylg,
oft rýðr ulfr köft,
ari getr verð þar.

Sem Þjóðólfr kvað:

275. Segjöndum fló sagna
snótar ulfr at móti
í gemlis ham gömlum
glamma ó fyr skömmu.

Ok sem hér er:

276. Hreggskornis vil ek handa
háleitan mjöð vanda.

Ok enn sem Skúli kvað:

277. Vaki ek þat er val heltk ekka
víðis áðr ok síðan,
greppr hlýðir þá góðu,
gallópnis vel, spjalli.

76. Sævarheiti.

Hver eru sævar heiti? Hann heitir: marr, ægir, gymir, hlér, haf, leið, ver, salt, lögr, græðir. Sem Arnórr kvað ok fyrr var ritat:

278. Nemi drótt, hvé sæ sótti
snarlyndr konungr jarla.
Eigi þraut við ægi
óvæginn gram bægja.

Hér er nefndr sær ok svá ægir. Marr, sem Hornklofi kvað:

279. Þá er út á mar mætir
mannskæðr lagar tanna
ræsinaðr til rausnar
rak vébrautar Nökkva.

Lögr er ok hér nefndr. Svá kvað Einarr:

280. Lögr þvær flaust, en fagrir,
flóðs vaskar brim stóðum,
þar er sær á hlið hvára
hlymr, veðrvitar glymja.

Hér er ok flóð kallat. Svá kvað Refr, sem fyrr var ritat:

281. Færir Björn, þar er bára
brestr, undinna festa
oft í ægis kjafta
úrsvöl Gymis völva.

Haf, sem Halvarðr kvað:

282. Vestr lézt í haf, hristir,
harðviggs, sikulgjarðar,
umbands allra landa,
íss, framstafni vísat.

Leið, sem hér er:

283. Erum á leið frá láði
liðnir Finnum skriðnu.
Austr sé ek fjöll af flausta
ferli geisla merluð.

Ver, sem Egill kvað:

284. Vestr fór ek of ver,
en ek Viðris ber
munstrandar mar,
svá er mitt of far.

Marr, sem Einarr kvað:

285. Kaldr þvær marr und mildum
margt dægr viðu svarta,
grefr élsnúin, jöfri,
almsorg Manar þjalma.

Salt, sem Arnórr kvað:

286. Salt skar húfi héltum
hraustr þjóðkóngr austan
Báru brimlogs rýri
brún veðr at Sigtúnum.

Græðir, sem Bölverkr kvað:

287. Leiðangr bjótt af láði,
lögr gekk of skip, fögru,
gjalfrstóðum reist græði
glæstum, ár it næsta.

Hér er ok gjálfr kallat særinn. Víðir, sem kvað Refr:

288. Barðristinn nemr brjósti
borðheim drasill skorðu,
nauð þolir viðr, en víði
verpr inn of þröm stinnan.

Húmr, sem Brennu-Njáll kvað:

289. Senn jósum vér, svanni,
sextán, en brim vexti,
dreif á hafskips húfa
húm, í fjórum rúmum.

Þessi eru enn sævar heiti, svá at rétt er at kenna til skip eða gull. Rán, er sagt, at var kona Ægis, svá sem hér er:

290. Hrauð í himin upp glóðum
hafs, gekk sær af afli.
Börð, hygg ek, at ský skerðu.
Skaut Ránar vegr mána.

Dætr þeira Ægis ok Ránar eru níu, ok eru nöfn þeira fyrr rituð: Himinglæva, Dúfa, Blóðughadda, Hefring, Uðr, Hrönn, Bylgja, Dröfn, Kólga. Einarr Skúlason talði í þessi vísu:

291. Æsir hvasst at hraustum
Himinglæva þyt sævar,
sex nöfn þeira, [himinglæva, Uðr,
Dúfa, Blóðughadda, Kólga, Hefring].

Hrönn, sem Valgarðr kvað:

292. Lauðr var lagt í beðja,
lék sollit haf golli,
en herskipum hrannir
höfuð ógurlig þógu.

Bylgja, sem Óttarr svarti kvað:

293. Skáruð sköfnu stýri,
skaut, sylgháar bylgjur,
lék við hún á hreini
hlunns, þat er drósir spunnu.

Dröfn, sem Ormr kvað:

294. Hrosta drýgir hvern kost
hauk lúðrs gæiþrúðr,
en drafnar loga Lofn
löstu rækir vinföst.

Bára, sem Þorleikr fagri kvað:

295. Sjár þýtr, en berr bára
bjart lauðr of við rauðan,
gránn þar er gulli búnum
gínn hlunnvísundr munni.

Lá, sem Einarr kvað:

296. Né framlyndir fundu
fyrr, hykkat lá kyrrðu,
þar er sjár á, við varra,
vini óra fell stórum.

Fyllr, sem Refr kvað:

297. Hrynja fjöll á fyllar,
fram æsisk nú Glamma
skeið vetrliði skíða,
skautbjörn Gusis nauta.

Boði, sem hér er:

298. Boði fell of mik bráðla.
Bauð heim með sér geimi.
Þá ek eigi löð lægis.

Breki, sem Óttarr kvað:

299. Braut, en breki þaut,
borð, óx viðar morð,
meðr fengu mikit veðr,
mjó fyrir ofan sjó.

Vágr, sem Bragi kvað:

300. Vildit vröngum ofra
vágs byrsendir ægi,
hinn er mjótygil máva
mærar skar fyr Þóri.

Sund, sem Einarr kvað:

301. Skar ek súðum sund
fyr sunnan Hrund,
mín prýddisk mund
við mildings fund.

Fjörðr, sem Einarr kvað:

302. Næst sé ek orm á jastar
ítrserki vel merkðan,
nemi bjóðr hvé ek fer, flæðar,
fjarðbáls of þat máli.

Sægr, sem Markús kvað:

303. Sægs mun ek síðr en eigi,
sá er illr, er brag spillir,
sólar sverri málan,
sliðráls reginn, níða.

77. Eldsheiti.

Hver eru elds heiti? Svá sem hér er:

304. Eldr brennat sjá sjaldan,
svíðr dyggr jöfurr byggðir,
blása rönn fyr ræsi
reyk, er Magnús kveykvir.

Logi, sem Valgarðr kvað:

305. Snarla skaut ór sóti,
sveyk of hús ok reykir
stóðu stopðir síðan,
steinóðr logi glóðum.

Bál, sem hér er:

306. Haki var brenndr á báli,
þar er brimslóðir óðu.

Glæðr, sem Grani kvað:

307. Glæðr hygg ek Glamma slóðar,
gramr eldi svá, felldu.

Eisa, sem Atli kvað:

308. Öx rýðsk, eisur vaxa,
allmörg, loga hallir,
hús brenna, gim geisar,
góðmennit fellr blóði.

Hér er ok gim gallat eldrinn. Eimr, sem hér er:

309. Brunnu allvalds inni,
eldr, hygg ek, at sal felldi,
eimr skaut á her hrími,
halfgör við Nið sjalfa.

Hyrr, sem Arnórr kvað:

310. Eymðit ráð við Rauma
reiðr Eydana meiðir.
Heit dvínuðu Heina,
hyrr gerði þá kyrra.

Funi, sem Einarr kvað:

311. Funi kyndisk fljótt,
en flýði skjótt
Hísingar herr,
sá er hafði verr.

Brími, sem Valgarðr kvað:

312. Bjartr sveimaði brími,
brutu víkingar fíkjum,
vísa styrks of virki,
varp sorg á mey, borgar.

Leygr, sem Halldórr skvaldri kvað:

313. Ér knáttuð þar þeira,
þú vart aldrigi, skjaldar
leygr þau of sjöt, sigri
sviptr, gersimum skipta.

78. Heiti stundanna.

Þessi eru nöfn stundanna: öld, forðum, aldr, fyrir löngu, ár, misseri, vetr, sumar, vár, haust, mánuðr, vika, dagr, nótt, morginn, aftann, kveld, árla, snemma, síðla, í sinn, fyrra dag, í næst, í gær, á morgun, stund, mél. Þessi eru enn heiti nætrinnar í Alsvinnsmálum:

314. Nótt heitir með mönnum,
en njóla með goðum,
kalla grímu ginnregin,
ósorg kalla jötnar,
alfar svefngaman,
dvergar draumnjörun.

Frá jafndægri er haust, til þess er sól sezt í eykðarstað. Þá er vetr til jafndægris. Þá er vár til fardaga. Þá er sumar til jafndægris. Haustmánuðr heitir inn næsti fyrir vetr, fyrstr í vetri heitir gormánuðr, þá er frermánuðr, þá er hrútmánuðr, þá er þorri, þá gói, þá einmánuðr, þá gaukmánuðr ok sáðtíð, þá eggtíð ok stekktíð, þá er sólmánuðr ok selmánuðr, þá eru heyannir, þá er kornskurðarmánuðr.

79. Konungaheiti.

Hver eru manna heiti ókennd? Maðr er hverr fyrir sér; it fyrsta ok it æðsta heiti manns, er kallaðr er maðr keisari, því næst konungr, þar næst jarl. Þessir þrír menn eigu saman þessi heiti öll. Allvaldr, svá sem hér er kveðit:

315. Allvalda kann ek alla
austr ok suðr of flausta,
Sveins er sonr at reyna,
setr, hverjum gram betri.

Hér er ok gramr kallaðr. Því heitir hann allvaldr, at hann er einvaldi alls ríkis síns. Fylkir, sem Gizurr kvað:

316. Fylkir gleðr í folki
flagðs blakk ok svan Hlakkar,
Óláfr of viðr élum
Yggs gögl fegin Sköglar.

Fyrir því er fylkir kallaðr konungr, at hann skipar í fylkingar herliði sínu. Vísi, sem kvað Óttarr svarti:

317. Vísi tekr, víg-Freys,
víst austr munlaust,
aldar hefir allvaldr,
óskvíf, gótt líf.

Harri eða herra, sem kvað Arnórr:

318. Harri fekk í hverri
Hjaltlands þrumu branda,
greppr vill grams dýrð yppa,
gagn, sá er hæstr var bragna.

Hertogi heitir jarl, ok er konungr svá kallaðr ok, fyrir því er hann leiðir her til orrostu. Svá kvað Þjóðólfr:

319. Ok hertoga hneykir
herfingnum lét stinga,
leyfð ber ek hans, ór höfði
haugs skundaði augu.

Sinjór eða senjór, sem Sighvatr kvað:

320. Lát auman nú njóta,
Nóregs, ok gef stórum,
mál halt, svá sem sælan,
sínjór, laga þinna.

Mildingr, sem Markús kvað:

321. Mildingr fór of óþjóð eldi,
auðit varð þá flotnum dauða.
Hæstan kynduð, hlenna þrýstir
hyrjar ljóma suðr at Jómi.

Mæringr, sem Hallvarðr kvað:

322. Erat und jarðar höslu,
orðbrjótr Dönum forðar
moldreks, munka valdi
mæringr en þú næri.

Landreki, sem Þjóðólfr kvað:

323. Eyss landreki ljósu
lastvarr Kraka barri,
sem fyrr var ritat.
Því heitir hann svá,
at hann rekr her um land annarra
konunga eða rekr her ór sínu landi.

80. Frá Halfdani gamla ok konungaættum.

Konungr er nefndr Hálfdan gamli, er allra konunga var ágætastr. Hann gerði blót mikit at miðjum vetri ok blótaði til þess, at hann skyldi lifa í konungdómi sínum þrjú hundruð vetra. En hann fekk þau andsvör, at hann myndi lifa ekki meir en einn mikinn mannsaldr, en þat myndi þó vera þrjú hundruð vetra, er engi myndi vera í ætt hans kona eða ótiginn maðr. Hann var hermaðr mikill ok fór víða um Austrvegu. Þar drap hann í einvígi þann konung, er Sigtryggr hét. Þá fekk hann þeirar konu, er kölluð er Alvig in spaka, dóttir Emundar konungs ór Hólmgarði. Þau áttu sonu átján ok váru níu senn bornir. Þeir hétu svá: Einn var Þengill, er kallaðr var Manna-Þengill, annarr Ræsir, þriði Gramr, fjórði Gylfi, fimmti Hilmir, sétti Jöfurr, sjaundi Tyggi, átti Skyli eða Skúli, níundi Harri eða Herra. Þessir níu bræðr urðu svá ágætir í hernaði, at í öllum fræðum síðan eru nöfn þeira haldin fyrir tignarnöfn, svá sem konungs nafn eða jarls. Þeir áttu engi börn ok fellu allir í orrostum.

Svá kvað Óttarr svarti:

324. Þengill var þegar ungr
þreksgörr vígörr.
Haldask bið ek hans aldr,
hann tel ek yfirmann.

Svá kvað Markús:

325. Ræsir lét af roðnum hausi
Rínar sól á marfjöll skína.

Svá kvað Egill:

326. Gramr hefir gerðihömrum
grundar upp of hrundit.

Svá kvað Eyvindr:

327. Lék við ljóðmögu,
skyldi land verja,
gylfi inn glaðværi,
stóð und gullhjalmi.

Svá kvað Glúmr Geirason:

328. Hilmir rauð und hjalmi
beina laut á Gautum.

Svá kvað Óttarr svarti:

329. Jöfurr heyri upphaf,
ofrask mun konungs lof,
háttu nemi hann rétt
hróðrs mín, bragar síns.

Sem Stúfr kvað:

330. Tíreggjaðr hjó tyggi
tveim höndum lið beima,
reifr gekk herr und hlífar,
hizig suðr fyr Nizi.

Svá kvað Hallfreðr:

331. Skiliðr em ek við skylja,
skaldmöld hefir því valdit.
Vætta virða dróttins
vil er mest ok dul flestum.

Svá kvað Markús:

332. Harra kveð ek at hróðrgörð dýrri
hauklundaðan Dana grundar.

Enn áttu þau Hálfdan aðra níu sonu, er svá heita; Hildir, er Hildingar eru frá komnir, annarr Nefir, er Niflungar eru frá komnir, þriði Auði, er Öðlingar eru frá komnir, fjórði Yngvi, er Ynglingar eru frá komnir, fimmti Dagr, er Döglingar eru frá komnir, sétti Bragi, er Bragningar eru frá komnir. Þat er ætt Hálfdanar ins milda. Sjaundi Buðli, er Buðlungar eru frá komnir. Af Buðlungaætt kom Atli ok Brynhildr. Átti er Lofði. Hann var herkonungr mikill. Honum fylgði þat lið, er Lofðar váru kallaðir. Hans ættmenn eru kallaðir Lofðungar. Þaðan er kominn Eylimi, móðurfaðir Sigurðar Fáfnisbana. Níundi Sigarr, þaðan eru komnir Siklingar. Þat er ætt Siggeirs, er var mágr Völsungs, ok ætt Sigars, er hengði Hagbarð. Af Hildinga ætt var kominn Haraldr inn granrauði, móðurfaðir Hálfdanar svarta. Af Niflunga ætt var Gjúki, af Öðlinga ætt var Kjárr, af Ylfinga ætt var Eiríkr inn málspaki.

Þessar eru ok konunga ættir ágætar: frá Yngva, er Ynglingar eru frá komnir, frá Skildi í Danmörk, er Skjöldungar eru frá komnir, frá Völsungi á Fraklandi, þeir heita Völsungar. Skelfir hét einn herkonungr, ok er hans ætt kölluð Skilfinga ætt. Sú kynslóð er í Austrvegum. Þessar ættir, er nú eru nefndar, hafa menn sett svá í skáldskap, at halda öll þessi fyrir tignarnöfn. Svá sem Einarr kvað:

333. Frá ek við holm at heyja
hildingar fram gingu,
lind varð græn, inn grána
geirþing, í tvau springa.

Sem Grani kvað:

334. Döglingr fekk at drekka
danskt blóð ara jóði.

Sem Gamli kvað Gnævaðarskáld:

335. Öðlingr drap sér ungum
ungr naglfara á tungu
innan borðs ok orða
aflgerð meðalkafla.

Sem Jórunn kvað:

336. Bragningr réð í blóði,
beið herr konungs reiði,
hús lutu oft fyr eisum,
óþjóðar slög rjóða.

Svá kvað Einarr:

337. Beit buðlungs hjörr,
blóð fell á dörr.
[Raufsk Hildar ský
við Hvítabý.]

Svá kvað Arnórr:

338. Siklinga venr snekkjur
sjálútar konr úti.
Hann litar herskip innan,
hrafns góð er þat, blóði.

Sem Þjóðólfr kvað:

339. Svá lauk siklings ævi
snjalls, at vér ’rom allir,
lofðungr beið inn leyfði
lífs grand, í stað vöndum.

Lofða konungi fylgði þat lið, er Lofðar heita. Sem Arnórr kvað:

340. Skjöldungr mun þér annarr aldri
æðri, gramr, und sólu fæðask.

Völsungr, sem kvað Þorkell hamarskáld:

341. Mér réð senda
of svalan ægi
Völsunga niðr
vápn gullbúit.

Ynglingr, sem kvað Óttarr svarti:

342. Engi varð á jörðu
ógnbráðr, áðr þér náði,
austr sá er eyjum vestan
Ynglingr und sik þryngvi.

Yngvi, þat er ok konungs heiti, sem Markús kvað:

343. Eiríks lof verðr öld at heyra,
engi maðr veit fremra þengil,
Yngvi helt við orðstír langan
jöfra sess, í veröld þessi.

Skilfingr, sem Valgarðr kvað:

344. Skilfingr helt, þar er skulfu
skeiðr, fyr lönd in breiðu,
eydd varð, suðr, of síðir
Sikiley, liði miklu.

Sínjór, sem Sighvatr kvað ok fyrr var ritat:

345. Lát auman nú njóta
Nóregs ok gef stórum.